Active material, electrode, secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle

ABSTRACT

According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material represented by a general formula Lix(NiaCobMncMd)1−s(Nb1−t−uTatM′u)sO2. Here, M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, M′ is at least one selected from the group consisting of K, P, Fe, Si, Na, Cu and Zn, and 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1, and 0≤u≤0.3 are satisfied.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation Application of PCT Application No. PCT/JP2020/010874, filed Mar. 12, 2020 and based upon and claiming the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-044709, filed Mar. 12, 2019, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-155874, filed Aug. 28, 2019, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an active material, an electrode, a secondary battery, a battery pack, and a vehicle.

BACKGROUND

In accordance with the advancement of the application of lithium ion batteries to on-board and stationary use, there has been an increasing demand for higher capacity, longer lifetimes, and higher output. In recent years, as high-capacity positive electrode active materials, attention has focused on lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxides represented by a formula Li(Ni, Co, Mn)O₂ and having a crystal structure that belongs to a space group R3/m. With these positive electrode active materials, while on one hand, improved capacity becomes possible by increasing an Ni element content ratio among the transition metals, these positive electrode active materials have a problem in that their life becomes short due to capacity reduction accompanying charge and discharge. With regard to the capacity reduction, the formation of an electrochemically inactive rock salt structure layer that results from extraction of oxygen atoms from near the surface of a positive electrode active material due to reacting with an electrolyte, which accompany repeated charge and discharge, is considered a major cause.

Therefore, to improve the life performance, for example, disclosed is a lithium positive electrode active material including a layer of an oxide or a composite oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti and V, on a surface of a lithium metal composite oxide having a layered crystal structure.

However, there is a problem of the rate performance of the battery being reduced when a thick composite metal oxide layer is formed to suppress a side reaction between the positive electrode active material and electrolyte. On the other hand, if the composite metal oxide layer is made thin in order to avoid reduced rate performance, there is concern that the coatability of the positive electrode active material surface is liable to reduce, whereby the suppression of the side reaction will be insufficient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a crystal structure conceptual diagram showing a crystal structure belonging to a space group R3/m of an example of an active material according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a crystal structure conceptual diagram showing a crystal structure belonging to a space group C2/m of an example of the active material according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a crystal structure conceptual diagram showing a crystal structure belonging to a space group Fm-3m of an example of the active material according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional conceptual view showing an electrode according to a second embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of a secondary battery according to a third embodiment;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of section A of the secondary battery shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view schematically showing an example of a battery module according to a fourth embodiment;

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view schematically showing an example of a battery pack according to the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an example of an electric circuit of the battery pack shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of a vehicle according to a fifth embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing another example of the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a secondary particle of an active material including element M′; and

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a secondary particle of an active material not including element M′.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material represented by a general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t−u)Ta_(t)M′_(u))_(s)O₂. Here, M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, M′ is at least one selected from the group consisting of K, P, Fe, Si, Na, Cu and Zn, and 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1, and 0≤u≤0.3 are satisfied.

According to another embodiment, provided is an electrode including the active material according to the above embodiment.

According to another embodiment, provided is a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode is the electrode according to the above embodiment.

According to still another embodiment, provided is a battery pack including the secondary battery according to the above embodiment.

According to yet another embodiment, provided is a vehicle including the battery pack according to the above embodiment.

Hereinafter, the embodiments are explained.

First Embodiment

An active material according to a first embodiment is represented by a general formula Li_(x) (Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))O₂. Here, M is one or more selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W; satisfied here are 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, and 0.0005≤t≤0.1. Note, that there are some cases hereinafter, where Ni, Co, Mn, M, Nb, and Ta are collectively referred to as “transition metals”; however, the transition metals in that case may refer to not only all of Ni, Co, Mn, M, Nb, and Ta, but also at least one of Ni, Co, Mn, M, Nb, and Ta. Note, that although Li, Ca, Mg, and Al among the M elements are not actually transition metals, since these elements are arranged in the later described crystal structures within transition metal layers or cation layers including transition metals, the elements will be treated herein as “transition metals”. The active material according to the present embodiment may be, for example, an active material for batteries. The active material according to the present embodiment may, for example, be used for a positive electrode.

The active material according to the present embodiment preferably has a crystal structure that belongs to a space group of any one of R3/m, C2/m and Fm-3m. The space groups R3/m, C2/m and Fm-3m will be explained with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, here. FIG. 1 is a crystal structure conceptual diagram showing a crystal structure that belongs to the space group R3/m, FIG. 2 is that for the space group C2/m, and FIG. 3 is that for the space group Fm-3m. As shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, the crystal structure that belongs to the space group R3/m or C2/m has a layered structure including lithium layers in which Li 10 are arrayed, transition metal layers in which transition metal 11 are arrayed, and oxygen layers in which oxygen 12 are arrayed. By having such a layered structure, two-dimensional diffusion of lithium ions within the lithium layer is possible, and the in-solid diffusion resistance of lithium ions can be reduced.

With regard to the crystal structure that belongs to the space group R3/m or C2/m for which Ni, Co and Mn are primary constituent elements of the transition metal layer, addition of a transition metal element having a higher valence than those of the primary constituent elements into the transition metal layer improves covalent binding properties between the transition metals and oxygen, thereby improving binding properties between the transition metal layer and the oxygen layer. As a result of adding the transition metal element(s) with higher valence, therefore, the oxygen extraction from the surface of the active material, which is a cause of the capacity degradation, can be suppressed. The transition metal to be added is preferably Nb and Ta. This is because Nb and Ta have a valence of 5 in the crystal structures belonging to the space groups R3/m and C2/m, which is higher than the valence of 2 to 4 for Ni, Co, and Mn. Furthermore, since Nb and Ta have ionic radii that are equivalent to or slightly greater than those of Ni, Co, and Mn, the compatibility of Nb and Ta to the crystal structure is high.

The crystal structure that belongs to the space group Fm-3m includes cation layers in which Li as cations 13 and transition metal are irregularly arranged, and oxygen layers formed of oxygen atoms 12. Here, since oxidation-reduction reactions of oxide ions occur during charge and discharge, high capacity can be realized. The crystal structure can be kept stable through the use of Nb in the cation layer. Furthermore, the Li diffusion path can be widened by substituting a part of the added Nb with Ta of a greater ion radius, whereby the in-solid diffusion resistance can be reduced. If the in-solid diffusion resistance is reduced, the over voltage during charge and discharge is lowered, and the potential distribution in an electrode becomes small, and therefore, the life performance of the secondary battery can be improved.

It is preferable that the addition amount s of Nb and Ta falls within a range of 0.005≤s≤0.3. If the addition amount s is less than 0.005, the elemental contents of Nb and Ta within the transition metal layer are low, whereby the binding properties between the transition metal layer and the oxygen layer cannot be easily improved. On the other hand, if the addition amount s of Nb and Ta is greater than 0.3, since change in valence during charge and discharge hardly occurs for Nb and Ta, the capacity will decrease. It is particularly preferable that the addition amount s of Nb and Ta falls within a range of 0.01≤s≤0.1. By setting the addition amount s in the range of 0.01≤s≤0.1, it is possible to obtain an active material that can realize a secondary battery, in which reduction of capacity due to substitution by Nb and Ta is little, that is, a secondary battery of a higher capacity and longer lifetime.

Ta having anion radius greater than that of Nb has an effect where addition thereof results in distortion of an oxygen lattice of the crystal structure, whereby migration of the transition metals into the lithium layer during charge and discharge is suppressed, alleviating the structural transformation of the active material surface into a rock salt structure. Therefore, taking the total amount of added Nb and Ta as 1, it is preferable that the addition amount t of Ta falls within the range of 0.0005≤t≤0.1. If the addition amount t is less than 0.0005, distortion of the oxygen lattice is less likely to occur, making it difficult to suppress migration of the transition metals into the lithium layer. If the addition amount t is greater than 0.1, distortion of the oxygen lattice is too large, thereby inhibiting the in-solid diffusion of lithium ions, and thus serves as a factor leading to capacity degradation or reduction in rate performance. A more preferable range is 0.001≤t≤0.01. By setting the addition amount t in the range of 0.001≤t≤0.01, an appropriate degree of oxygen lattice distortion occurs. As a result, an active material that can realize a secondary battery of a higher capacity and longer lifetime can be obtained.

The structural transformation of the active material in to a rock salt structure, which is a cause of degradation of capacity during charge and discharge cycles, occurs due to side reaction between the electrolyte and transition metals included within the active material, and thus, occurs near the surface of the active material. Therefore, the capacity degradation during charge and discharge cycles can be prevented by having a disproportionately large amount of Nb and Ta be present at the active material surface. Having a disproportionately large amount of Nb and Ta be present at the battery active material surface means that each of the amounts of Nb and Ta present at the surface of the active material according to the present embodiment is greater than Nb and Ta existing inside the active material. Therefore, Nb and Ta may be present in the interior of the active material even if they are disproportionately present at the active material surface.

More specifically, among active materials represented by a general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂ having the same values of s and t, in such a case of having the same amount of Nb and Ta included with respect to the whole of each active material, for an active material having Nb and Ta disproportionately present at the active material surface, by having such bias towards the surface, Nb and Ta exist in smaller amount inside the active material as compared to an active material without the bias towards the active material surface. Namely, in comparison in terms of the general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂, between the s measured at the surface of the active material and the s measured inside the active material, the s at the active material surface is greater (s measured at the active material surface>s measured inside the active material). Therefore, in the active material in which Nb and Ta are biased toward the surface, the capacity degradation is less likely to occur within the active material interior than in the interior of an active material in which Nb and Ta are not biased toward the surface.

Furthermore, due to the disproportionate presence of Nb and Ta at the active material surface, the amount of Nb and Ta present at the active material surface is greater than that in the active material in which Nb and Ta are not disproportionately present at the active material surface. Therefore, the binding property between the transition metal layer and the oxygen layer and the distortion of the oxygen lattice are greater near the surface of the active material for the active material having Nb and Ta disproportionately present at the surface. Therefore, extraction of oxygen atoms and the structural transformation into the rock salt structure accompanying migration of transition metals into the lithium layer, which occur near the active material surface, can be further reduced. Accordingly, the capacity degradation during charge and discharge cycles can be further suppressed.

With regard to the disproportionate presence of Nb and Ta towards the active material surface, it is more preferable that Nb and Ta are intensively present in a region nearer to the surface of the active material. Rather than having the amount of Nb and Ta gradually decrease from the surface toward the interior of the active material, by having Nb and Ta be more intensively present toward the surface, the extraction of oxygen atoms and the structural transformation into a rock salt structure accompanying migration of transition metals into the lithium layer that occur near the active material surface can be further reduced. Therefore, the capacity degradation during charge and discharge cycles can be further suppressed.

The active material is included in the electrode, for example, in the form of particles. Active material particles may be individual primary particles, secondary particles in which each of the secondary particles are an agglomerate of primary particles, or a mixture of individual primary particles and secondary particles. The shape of primary particles is not particularly limited and, for example, may be spherical, an elliptic shape, a flat shape, fibrous, or the like. In the case of an individual primary particle, the average primary particle size of the active material is, for example, from 0.5 μm to 15 μm, and preferably, from 1 μm to 10 μm. In the case of an agglomerate of primary particles forming a secondary particle, the average primary particle size of the active material is, for example, 1 μm or smaller, and preferably from 0.05 μm to 0.5 μm.

Disproportionate presence of Nb and Ta toward the active material surface may similarly occur both in the cases of primary particles and secondary particles. This is because, when Nb and Ta are caused to be intensively present toward the surface of the active material of the present embodiment (as will be described later), the shape of the active material is determined depending on whether the active material is formed of primary particles or secondary particles. If a disproportionately large amount of Nb and Ta are present at the surface of the active material that are secondary particles, there may be an uneven presence of Nb and Ta among the primary particles included in the secondary particles. The uneven presence means that, when considering the particle as being a secondary particle, Nb and Ta of primary particles present near the surface of each secondary particle are greater in amount than those of the primary particles present further inside.

Concerning the disproportionate presence of Nb and Ta described above, for an active material having a primary particle size of 3 μm or greater, the “surface” of the active material refers to a region from an outer surface of the active material to less than 1 μm towards the inside. For an active material having a primary particle size of less than 3 μm, the “surface” refers to a region from an outer surface of the active material to 30% relative to the average primary particle size towards the inside. The “interior” of the active material refers to a region that is 1 μm and more inside from the outer surface of the active material, for the active material having a primary particle size of 3 μm or greater. For the active material having a primary particle size of less than 3 μm, the “interior” refers to a region beyond 30% relative to the average primary particle size towards the inside from the outer surface of the active material.

For example, for an active material particle in a state of primary particles having an average primary particle size of 3 μm or more, a region from a particle surface thereof to less than 1 μm towards the particle interior is taken as the “surface”, and a region further inside is taken as the “interior”. In the case of an active material in a state of secondary particles, for example, in the case where the average primary particle size is 3 μm or more, when the whole secondary particle is regarded as a single entity, a region from a surface of the entity to less than 1 μm is taken as the “surface”. Namely, a region less than 1 μm inside from particle surfaces facing outside from the secondary particle, among surfaces of primary particles positioned near the surface of the secondary particle, is taken as the “surface” of the secondary particle. The remaining parts of these primary particles positioned near the secondary particle surface, that is, portions including a region 1 μm or more inside from the primary particle surface and regions at sides of primary particle surfaces facing inside the secondary particle, are taken as part of the “interior” of the secondary particle. Whole primary particles, which are positioned inside relative to the primary particles positioned near the secondary particle surface, are also taken as part of the “interior” of the secondary particle. In the case where the average primary particle size of the primary particles included in the secondary particle is less than 3 μm, when the whole secondary particle is regarded as a single entity, a region from a surface of the entity towards the inside up to 30% with respect of the average primary particle size is taken as the “surface”.

An example of a method for producing the active material according to the embodiment will be described below.

A starting material containing Li and a starting material containing a transition metal are used. As the starting material containing Li, for example, a salt, such as Li₂CO₃, LiOH, and Li₂SO₄ or an oxide, such as Li₂O and Li₂O₂ may be used. As the starting material containing the transition metal, for example, a salt, an oxide, or the like, containing the transition metal may be used.

The starting material containing the transition metal is weighed so as to be a target element composition ratio, and mixed via a dry method or a wet method. For the dry method, a mixing apparatus, such as a ball mill, is used. For the wet method, for example, a coprecipitation process is used. In the coprecipitation process, an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving the salt containing the transition metal in water is added dropwise into an alkaline aqueous solution, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide or aqueous lithium hydroxide, and a resultant precipitate is filtered and dried to obtain a precursor.

The obtained precursor containing the transition metal is mixed with a starting material containing Li, and fired in air or oxygen atmosphere for 3 to 48 hours at a temperature from 600° C. to 1200° C. Part of the starting material containing the transition metal may be mixed with the starting material containing Li when the starting material containing Li is mixed, and then fired. If the firing is performed at a temperature higher than 1200° C., the obtained active material would have primary particles that have become too large. If the primary particles in the active material are too large, the in-solid diffusion resistance will be high and the rate performance of the secondary battery will be lowered, and therefore not preferable. Furthermore, if the primary particles are large, the secondary particles are apt to become fractured in accompany of charge and discharge, whereby cycle life degrades.

In order to have Nb and Ta be present in a disproportionately large amount at the active material surface, starting materials containing transition metals other than Nb and Ta are first mixed through the dry or wet method, and thereafter, the starting material containing Li, the starting material containing Nb, and the starting material containing Ta are mixed in, and the resultant mixture is fired. At this time, the firing temperature is preferably 600° C. or more and less than 950° C. If the firing temperature is lower than 600° C., the reaction between the starting material containing the transition metal and the starting material containing Li may be insufficient. On the other hand, if the firing temperature is 950° C. or higher, elements Nb and Ta may be diffused into the interior of the active material. In such a case, it becomes difficult for the Nb and Ta to be present in disproportionately large amounts on the active material surface.

Whether the active material has the composition of the general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂ can be measured through the following method.

First, a battery including the active material according to the embodiment, for example, is brought into a discharged state. For example, the discharged state of the battery can be achieved by discharging the battery in a 25° C. environment at 0.1 C current to a rated end voltage. Next, the battery in the discharged state is disassembled, and the electrode is taken out. The taken-out electrode is washed, for example, with methyl ethyl carbonate. The electrode, which has been washed as described above, is placed in water, and thereby the electrode active material mixture layer is deactivated in water. The active material can be extracted from the deactivated electrode using, for example, a centrifugation apparatus. For the extraction treatment, for example, when polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) is used as a binder, the binder component is removed by washing with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the like, and then the electro-conductive agent is removed using a mesh having an adequate aperture. If these components slightly remain, they can be removed by heat treatment in air (e.g., for 30 minutes at 250° C.).

Next, the obtained active material is analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry, thereby measuring Li and the transition metals. Oxygen (O) can be measured by an inert gas fusion-infrared absorption method.

The degree at which the transition metals are disproportionately biased toward the surface of the active material can be measured by Auger electron spectroscopy. At this time, ion etching using a noble gas, such as Ar, and Auger electron spectroscopy are repeated for the active material obtained by disassembling a secondary battery, thereby measuring a change in transition metal composition in a depth direction near the surface of the active material.

Measurement of the space group of the active material is performed as follows.

First, the active material obtained by the method described above is ground until an average particle size reaches about 5 μm. Even if the original average particle size is less than 5 μm, it is preferable that the sample is subjected to a grinding treatment with a mortar in order to grind apart aggregates. The average particle size can be obtained, for example, by laser diffraction.

The ground sample is filled in a holder portion having a depth of 0.5 mm formed on a glass sample plate. A glass sample plate manufactured by Rigaku Corporation is used as the glass sample plate, for example. At this time, care should be taken to sufficiently fill the holder portion with the sample. Precaution should also be taken to avoid cracking and formation of voids caused by insufficient filling of the sample. Then, another glass plate is used to smoothen the surface of the sample by sufficiently pressing the glass plate against the sample. Upon which, precaution should be taken to avoid too much or too little a filling amount, so as to prevent any rises and dents beyond the reference plane of the glass holder.

Next, the glass plate filled with the sample is set in a powder X-ray diffractometer and then, an X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD pattern) is obtained using Cu-Kα rays. The XRD pattern obtained here should be applicable to Rietveld analysis. In order to collect data for Rietveld analysis, the step width is made ⅓ to ⅕ of the minimum half width of the diffraction peaks, and the measurement time or X-ray intensity is appropriately adjusted in such a manner that the intensity at the peak position of strongest reflected intensity is 5,000 cps or more.

The XRD pattern obtained as described above is analyzed by the Rietveld method. In the Rietveld method, the diffraction pattern is calculated from a crystal structure model that has been estimated in advance. The parameters of the crystal structure (lattice constant, atomic coordinate, crystal site occupancy, or the like) can be precisely analyzed by fitting all the calculated values with the measured values. Thereby, the characteristics of the crystal structure of the sample compound can be determined. Furthermore, the site occupancy of compositional elements in each of the sites can be determined.

A fitting parameter S is used as the scale for estimating the degree of agreement between the measured intensities and the calculated intensities in Rietveld analysis. Analysis should be performed such that the S value would be less than 1.8. When determining the occupancies in each of the sites, the standard deviation σj must be taken into consideration. The fitting parameter S and standard deviation σj defined herein are estimated using the formula described in “Funmatsu X sen Kaisetsu no Jissai (Reality of Powder X-Ray Analysis)”, X-Ray Analysis Investigation Conversazione, The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, written and edited by Izumi Nakai and Fujio Izumi (Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd.).

The active material according to the first embodiment is represented by a general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂. Here, M includes one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W; and the active material satisfies 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, and 0.0005≤t≤0.1. With the active material being as such, there can be realized a secondary battery that is high in capacity while having long life. The active material according to the first embodiment includes an active material represented by a general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t−u)Ta_(t)M′_(u))_(s)O₂. In the above general formula, M is one or more selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W; M′ is one or more selected from the group consisting of K, P, Fe, Si, Na, Cu and Zn; and 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1, and 0≤u≤0.3 are satisfied.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a secondary particle of an active material including element M′. The secondary particle shown in FIG. 12 is an agglomerate of primary particles AM1. FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a secondary particle of an active material not including element M′. The secondary particle shown in FIG. 13 is an agglomerate of primary particles AM2. As apparent from the comparison of FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, the particle diameter of primary particles AM1 of the active material including element M′ is smaller than the particle diameter of primary particles AM2 of the active material that does not include element M′ This is due to growth of primary particles being suppressed during firing of the precursor, when starting material(s) containing M′ element(s) is used in producing the active material, in addition to the starting material containing Li and starting material(s) containing transition metal(s) As the starting material containing M′ element(s), for example, a salt containing M′ element(s), an oxide containing M′ element(s), and the like may be used. Examples of the salt containing M′ element(s) include chlorides containing M′ element(s), sulfate salts containing M′ element(s), hydroxides containing M′ element(s), and the like. When the particle diameter of primary particles is small, the effect due to volume change caused by expansion and contraction of the active material associated with charge and discharge becomes little in the secondary particle, which is an agglomerate of the primary particles, and thus, fracture of the secondary particles are less likely to occur. Thereby, when an active material containing the M′ element(s) is used, the life performance of an electrode and battery can be further increased. Among the M′ elements, a preferable element is one or more selected from the group consisting of K, P, Fe, and Si.

On the other hand, when the content of the M′ element(s) is too much, the discharge capacity of the active material may decrease. Therefore, the above subscript u is preferably 0≤u≤0.2, more preferably 0<u≤0.2, and further preferably 0.001<u≤0.05.

Second Embodiment

An electrode according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional conceptual diagram showing the electrode according to the second embodiment.

The electrode 100 is configured of a current collector 101 and an active material mixture layer 102 formed on one surface of the current collector 101. The current collector 101 is a positive electrode current collector, and the active material mixture layer 102 is an electrode layer. In the electrode, the active material mixture layer may be provided on both of reverse surfaces of the current collector. The active material mixture layer includes an active material, an electro-conductive agent, and a binder.

As the active material, for example, the active material according to the first embodiment may be used.

Accordingly, it is possible to provide an electrode that can realize a secondary battery of high capacity and long lifetime.

In addition to the active material according to the first embodiment, the active material mixture layer may further include as the active material, for example, sulfides and other oxides aside of the active material according to the first embodiment. The active material mixture layer may singly include one species of compound as the additional active material, or alternatively, include two or more species of compounds in combination. Examples of the sulfide and oxide include compounds capable of having Li and Li ions be inserted and extracted. Relative to the total amount of active material included in the active material mixture layer, 50% to 100% by mass of the active material according to the first embodiment is preferably included.

Examples of such compounds include manganese dioxides (MnO₂), iron oxides, copper oxides, nickel oxides, lithium manganese composite oxides (e.g., Li_(x)Mn₂O₄ or Li_(x)MnO₂; 0<x≤1), lithium nickel composite oxides (e.g., Li_(x)NiO₂; 0<x≤1), lithium cobalt composite oxides (e.g., Li_(x)CoO₂; 0<x≤1), lithium nickel cobalt composite oxides (e.g., Li_(x)Ni_(1−y)Co_(y)O₂; 0<x≤1, 0<y<1), lithium manganese cobalt composite oxides (e.g., Li_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(1−y)O₂; 0<x≤1, 0<y<1), lithium manganese nickel composite oxides having a spinel structure (e.g., Li_(x)Mn_(2-y)Ni_(y)O₄; 0<x≤1, 0<y<2), lithium phosphates having an olivine structure (e.g., Li_(x)FePO₄; 0<x≤1, Li_(x)Fe_(1−y)Mn_(y)PO₄; 0<x≤1, 0<y<1, and Li_(x)CoPO₄; 0<x≤1), iron sulfates [Fe₂(SO₄)₃], vanadium oxides (e.g., V205), and lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxides (Li_(x)Ni_(1−y−z)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O₂; 0<x≤1, 0<y<1, 0<z<1, y+z<1).

The electro-conductive agent enhances current collection performance of the active material and suppresses contact resistance between the active material and the current collector. Examples of the electro-conductive agent include carbonaceous materials such as acetylene black, carbon black, and graphite.

The binder binds the active material and the electro-conductive agent. Examples of the binder include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymers of polyacrylonitrile, and fluororubber.

The active material, the electro-conductive agent, and the binder in the active material mixture layer are preferably mixed in a ratio of 80% to 95% by mass, 1% to 18% by mass, and 2% to 17% by mass, respectively. The electro-conductive agent can demonstrate the above described effects by being at an amount of 1% or more by mass. With the amount of electro-conductive agent being 18% or less by mass, in a case where a nonaqueous electrolyte is used, for example, decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte on the electro-conductive agent surface during high-temperature storage can be diminished. With an amount of binder being 2% or more by mass, sufficient electrode strength can be obtained. With the amount of binder being 17% or less by mass, the amount of the binder, which is an insulating material, mixed in the electrode can be reduced, thereby reducing internal resistance.

The current collector is preferably, for example, an aluminum foil, or an aluminum alloy foil, the aluminum alloy foil including one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si.

The electrode is produced, for example, by suspending the active material, electro-conductive agent, and binder in a commonly used solvent to prepare a slurry, and applying the slurry onto the current collector, drying, and then subjecting to pressing. The electrode may also be produced by forming the active material, electro-conductive agent, and the binder in a pellet shape to be the active material mixture layer, and molding the pellet-shaped electrode active material mixture layer onto the current collector.

The electrode according to the second embodiment includes the active material according to the first embodiment. By being such an electrode, there can be realized a secondary battery with high capacity that has long life.

Third Embodiment

A secondary battery according to the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram showing an example of a secondary battery according to the third embodiment.

The secondary battery according to the third embodiment includes a container member; a positive electrode housed in the container member; a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, the negative electrode being housed in the container member such that the negative electrode is spatially separated from the positive electrode, for example, with a separator interposed therebetween; and an electrolyte filled in the container member.

More detailed explanation will be made with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 showing an example of the secondary battery according to the third embodiment. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional schematic view showing a flat secondary battery with a container member 2 made of laminate film, and FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of section A in FIG. 5. Each drawing is a typical view for description, and although there are parts different from an actual apparatus (i.e., a battery) in shape, dimension, and ratio, these structural designs may be properly changed taking the following explanations and known technologies into consideration.

The flat secondary battery is configured with a wound electrode group 1, a bag-form container member 2, a negative electrode terminal 6, and a positive electrode terminal 7.

The flat wound electrode group 1 is housed in the bag-form container member 2 made of a laminate film in which an aluminum foil is interposed between two resin layers. The flat wound electrode group 1 is formed by spirally winding and pressing a stack, in which a negative electrode 3, a separator 4, a positive electrode 5, and another separator 4 are stacked, such that these members of the stack would be arranged in this order from the outer side. An outermost portion of the negative electrode 3 has a configuration, in which, as shown in FIG. 6, a negative electrode active material mixture layer 3 b is formed on one inner side of a negative electrode current collector 3 a. The other portions of the negative electrodes 3 are configured with a negative electrode active material mixture layer 3 b formed on both of reverse sides of the negative electrode current collector 3 a. The positive electrode 5 is configured with a positive electrode active material mixture layer 5 b formed on both of reverse sides of a positive electrode current collector 5 a. The positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material mixture layer 5 b includes the positive electrode active material according to the first embodiment.

Near an outer circumference of the wound electrode group 1, a negative electrode terminal 6 is electrically connected to the negative electrode current collector 3 a at the portion of the negative electrode 3 outermost, and a positive electrode terminal 7 is electrically connected to the positive electrode current collector 5 a of the positive electrode 5 at a portion on the inner side. The negative electrode terminal 6 and the positive electrode terminal 7 extend out from an opening in the bag-form container member 2. For example, an electrolyte is put-in through the opening of the bag-form container member 2. The wound electrode group 1 and the electrolyte are fully sealed in by heat-sealing the opening in the bag-form container 2, sandwiching the negative electrode terminal 6 and the positive electrode terminal 7 in between.

Examples of materials for the negative electrode terminal 6 include aluminum or an aluminum alloy, the aluminum alloy including one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si. The negative electrode terminal 6 is preferably formed from the same material as that of the negative electrode current collector 3 a, to reduce the contact resistance with the negative electrode current collector 3 a.

For the positive electrode terminal 7, there may be used a material having electrical stability in a potential range of 3 V to 4.25 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) with respect to lithium ion metal, and at the same time, having electrical conductivity. Specific examples include aluminum or an aluminum alloy, the aluminum alloy including one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si. The positive electrode terminal 7 is preferably formed from the same material as that of the positive electrode current collector 5 a, to reduce the contact resistance with the positive electrode current collector 5 a.

Hereinafter, the container member 2, negative electrode 3, the positive electrode 5, separator 4, and electrolyte, which are constituent members of the secondary battery, will be described in detail.

1) Container Member

The container member 2 is formed of, for example, a laminate film having a thickness of 0.5 mm or less. Alternatively, a metal container having a wall thickness of 1.0 mm or less, for example, may be used as the container member. The metal container more preferably has a wall thickness of 0.5 mm or less.

The shape of the container member 2 may be selected from, for example, flat type (thin type), angular type, cylinder type, coin type, and button type. Examples of the container member include, according to the battery dimension, a small battery container member for mounting on mobile electronic appliances or the like, and a large battery container member for installing on a two-wheeled to four-wheeled automobile or the like.

As the laminate film, there may be used a multilayer film including resin layers and metal layer sandwiched between the resin layers. The metal layer is preferably aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil, in order to reduce weight. The resin layer may be made of, for example, a polymer material such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), nylon, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The laminate film can be formed into the shape of the container member by heat sealing.

The metal container is made of, for example, aluminum or aluminum alloy. The aluminum alloy is preferably an alloy including elements such as magnesium, zinc, or silicon. When the alloy includes a transition metal such as iron, copper, nickel, or chromium, the amount of the transition metal is preferably 100 ppm by mass or less.

2) Negative Electrode

The negative electrode 3 may include a negative electrode current collector 3 a, and a negative electrode active material mixture layer 3 b formed on one face or both of reverse faces of the negative electrode current collector 3 a, the negative electrode active material mixture layer 3 b including a negative electrode active material, an electro-conductive agent, and a binder.

There may be used for the negative electrode current collector, a material which is electrochemically stable at the potential at which lithium is inserted into and extracted from the negative electrode active material. The negative electrode current collector is preferably made of copper, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, or an aluminum alloy including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si. The thickness of the negative electrode current collector is preferably from 5 μm to 20 μm. The negative electrode current collector having such a thickness can maintain balance between the strength and weight reduction of the negative electrode.

The negative electrode active material is included in the negative electrode, for example, in the form of particles. Negative electrode active material particles may be individual primary particles, secondary particles in which each of the secondary particles are an agglomerate of primary particles, or a mixture of individual primary particles and secondary particles. From the perspective of achieving high density, the negative electrode active material mixture layer preferably includes primary particles at a proportion of 5% to 50% by volume. The shape of primary particles is not particularly limited and, for example, may be spherical, an elliptic shape, a flat shape, fibrous, or the like.

Examples of the negative electrode active material include a carbon material, a graphite material, a lithium alloy material, a metal oxide, and a metal sulfide. In particular, it is preferable to select a negative electrode active material of one or more titanium-containing oxide selected from the group consisting of a lithium-titanium oxide, a titanium oxide, a niobium-titanium oxide, a lithium sodium niobium-titanium oxide Li_(2+v)Na_(2−w)M1_(x)Ti_(6−y−z)Nb_(y)M2_(z)O_(14+δ) (where M1 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of Cs, K, Sr, Ba, and Ca; M2 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Sn, V, Ta, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Mn, and Al; 0≤v≤4, 0<w<2, 0≤x<2, 0<y<6, 0≤z<3, y+z<6 and −0.5≤δ≤5 0.5), for which the potentials at which Li ions are inserted and extracted is 1 V to 3 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) with reference to the lithium potential.

Examples of the lithium-titanium oxide include a spinel-structured lithium titanium oxide represented by a general formula Li_(4+x)Ti₅O₁₂ (−1≤x≤3), ramsdellite structure lithium titanium oxide represented by a general formula Li_(2+x)Ti₃O₇ (0≤x≤3), and lithium-titanium oxides like Li_(1±x)Ti₂O₄ (0≤x≤1), Li_(1.1+x)Ti_(1.8)O₄ (0<x≤1), Li_(1.07+x)Ti_(1.86)O₄ (0≤x≤1), and Li_(x)TiO₂ (0≤x≤1). Examples of the titanium oxide include a monoclinic crystal structure titanium oxide represented by a general formula. Li_(x)TiO₂ (0≤x≤1) (TiO₂ (B) as a structure before charging), and a rutile structure or anatase structure titanium oxide (TiO₂ as a structure before charging). The niobium-titanium oxide is represented, for example, by Li_(a)TiM_(b)Nb_(2±β)O_(7±σ) (0≤a≤5, 0≤b≤0.3, 0≤β≤0.3, 0≤σ≤0.3; M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Fe, V, Mo, and Ta). One of these may be used alone or they may be used as a mixture. Preferable is a spinel-structured lithium titanium oxide represented by a general formula Li_(4+x)Ti₅O₁₂ (−1≤x≤3), for which change in volume is very small. By using the titanium-containing oxides described above, aluminum foil instead of copper foil can be used as the negative electrode current collector, and therefore the weight and cost can be reduced. Furthermore, use of the titanium-containing oxides described above is advantageous in an electrode structure of bipolar structure.

The negative electrode active material particles desirably have an average particle size of 1 μm or less, and simultaneously have a specific surface area within a range of from 3 m²/g to 200 m²/g, as determined by a BET method employing N₂ adsorption. By having such a specific surface area, the affinity between the negative electrode and the electrolyte can be made high.

The specific surface area of the negative electrode is specified in the above range for the following reasons. In the negative electrode having a specific surface area smaller than 3 m²/g, agglomeration of particles is prominent, making affinity between the negative electrode and the electrolyte low, which makes interfacial resistance of the negative electrode high. As a result, the output performance and the charge and discharge cycle performance degrade. On the other hand, in the negative electrode having a specific surface area larger than 50 m²/g, the distribution of the electrolyte tends to lean towards the negative electrode, which may invoke electrolyte insufficiency at the positive electrode. Accordingly, the output performance and the charge and discharge cycle performance cannot be improved. A more preferable range of the specific surface area is from 5 m²/g to 50 m²/g. Here, the specific surface area of the negative electrode means a surface area per 1 gram of the negative electrode active material mixture layer (excluding the weight of the current collector). The negative electrode active material mixture layer is a porous layer including the negative electrode active material, the electro-conductive agent, and the binder, which is supported on the current collector.

The porosity of the negative electrode (excluding the current collector) is preferably within the range of from 20% to 50%. Thereby, the negative electrode both excellent in affinity with the electrolyte and is of high density can be obtained. A more preferable range of the porosity is from 25% to 40%.

As the electro-conductive agent, for example, a carbon material may be used. Examples of the carbon material include acetylene black, carbon black, cokes, carbon fiber, graphite, aluminum powder, TiO, and the like. More preferably, a powder of the cokes, graphite, or TiO having an average particle diameter of 10 μm or less, or the carbon fiber having an average fiber diameter of 1 μm or less, in which a heat treatment temperature is from 800° C. to 2000° C., is preferred. The BET specific surface area according to N₂ adsorption for the carbon material is preferably 10 m²/g or more.

Examples of the binder may include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), fluorine-based rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, core shell binder, and the like.

Regarding a mixing ratio of the active material, electro-conductive agent, and binder in the negative electrode, the negative electrode active material is preferably in a range of from 80% by weight to 95% by weight, the electro-conductive agent is preferably in a range of from 3% by weight to 18% by weight, and the binder is preferably in a range of from 2% by weight to 7% by weight. The negative electrode 3 is produced, for example, by suspending the negative electrode active material, electro-conductive agent, and binder in a commonly used solvent to prepare a slurry, and applying the slurry onto the negative electrode current collector 3 a, drying, and then subjecting to pressing. The negative electrode 3 may also be produced by forming the negative electrode active material, electro-conductive agent, and the binder in a pellet shape to be the negative electrode active material mixture layer 3 b, and molding the pellet-shaped negative electrode active material mixture layer 3 b onto the negative electrode current collector 3 a.

3) Positive Electrode

As the positive electrode 5, the electrode according to the second embodiment can be used. Therefore, since details are described with regard to the electrode according to the second embodiment, the details are omitted.

By using this positive electrode, there can be provided a battery of high capacity and long life.

4) Electrolyte

As the electrolyte, there may be used, for example, a liquid nonaqueous electrolyte prepared by dissolving a first electrolyte in an organic solvent or a gel-form nonaqueous electrolyte that is a composite of a liquid electrolyte and a polymeric material. There also may be used as the electrolyte, an electrolyte including an aqueous solvent and a second electrolyte, or a gel-form electrolyte that is a composite of this electrolyte and a polymeric material.

The liquid nonaqueous electrolyte is preferably prepared by dissolving the first electrolyte in an organic solvent at a concentration of 0.5 M to 2.5 M.

Examples of the first electrolyte include lithium salts such as lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF₆), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF₃SO₃), lithium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonylimide [LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂], or mixtures thereof. The electrolyte is preferably difficult to oxidize, even at a high potential, and LiPF₆ is most preferable.

Examples of the organic solvent include cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and vinylene carbonate; linear carbonates such as diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyethyl carbonate (MEC); cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF), and dioxolane (DOX); linear ethers such as dimethoxy-ethane (DME) and diethoxyethane (DEE); as well as γ-butyrolactone (GEL), acetonitrile (AN), and sulfolane (SL). These organic solvents may be used alone or in a form of mixed solvents.

Examples of the polymeric material include polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polyethylene oxide (PEO).

A preferable organic solvent is a mixed solvent, in which at least two selected from a group consisting of propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are mixed, or a mixed solvent including γ-butyrolactone (GBL). By using these mixed solvents, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery with excellent high-temperature performance can be obtained.

As the aqueous solvent, a solution including water may be used. Here, the solution including water may be pure water, or alternatively, a mixed solution or a mixed solvent of water and materials other than water.

In an aqueous electrolyte, the amount of water solvent (for example, amount of water in the aqueous solvent) is preferably 1 mol or more, based on 1 mol of salt as solute. In a more preferable configuration, the amount of water solvent is 3.5 mol or more, based on 1 mol of salt as solute.

As the second electrolyte, there may be used a substance that becomes dissociated and thus generates an anion when the substance is dissolved in an aqueous solvent. In particular, preferable are lithium salts that dissociate into Li ion(s) and the anion. Such lithium salts include, for example, LiNO₃, LiCl, Li₂SO₄, LiOH, and the like.

The lithium salt that dissociates into Li ion(s) and the anion has a relatively high solubility in aqueous solvents. For that reason, there can be obtained an electrolyte, in which the anion concentration is of a high concentration of from 1 M to 10 M, and thus having favorable Li ion diffusibility.

An electrolyte containing NO₃ ⁻ and/or Cl⁻ may be used in a wide anion concentration range of about 0.1 M to 10 M. From the perspective of fulfilling both ion conductivity and lithium equilibrium potential, the anion concentration is preferably of a high concentration of from 3 M to 12 M. It is more preferable that the anion concentration of the electrolyte containing NO₃ ⁻ or Cl⁻ is from 8 M to 12 M.

An electrolyte containing LiSO₄ ⁻ and/or SO₄ ²⁻ may be used in an anion concentration range of about 0.05 M to 2.5 M. From the perspective of ion conductivity, the anion concentration is preferably of a high concentration of from 1.5 M to 2.5 M.

The OH⁻ concentration in the electrolyte is desirably from 10⁻¹⁰ M to 0.1 M. The electrolyte may contain at least one anion selected from the group consisting of NO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻, LiSO₄ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, and OH⁻.

The containing of water in the aqueous electrolyte can be examined by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). In addition, the salt concentration and the water content in the aqueous electrolyte can be measured by, for example, ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission spectrometry. The molar concentration (mol/L) can be calculated by measuring a predetermined amount of aqueous electrolyte and calculating the concentration of contained salt. In addition, the number of moles of the solute and the solvent can be calculated by measuring the specific gravity of the aqueous electrolyte.

5) Separator

As the separator 4, there may be used a porous film or a nonwoven fabric made of synthetic resin formed from a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF). A preferable porous film is made of polyethylene or polypropylene, which melts at a fixed temperature and can thus shut off a current, and is therefore able to enhance safety.

The above described secondary battery according to the embodiment includes the positive electrode that includes the active material according to the first embodiment as the positive electrode active material, and therefore, there can be provided a secondary battery having high capacity and excellent charge and discharge cycle performance.

Fourth Embodiment

A battery module and a battery pack according to a fourth embodiment will be explained in detail using FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 is a perspective view schematically showing an example of a battery module according to the fourth embodiment. FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view schematically showing an example of the battery pack according to the fourth embodiment.

The battery module and battery pack according to the fourth embodiment each include one or more secondary batteries (i.e., single-batteries) according to the third embodiment described above. When plural single-batteries are included in the battery module or battery pack, the single-batteries are arranged such that each of the single-batteries are electrically connected with one another in series, in parallel, or in a combination of in-series and in-parallel.

The battery module 23 and battery pack 200 will concretely be described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 9. In the battery module 23 shown in FIG. 7 and the battery pack 200 shown in FIG. 8, the flat battery shown in FIG. 5 may be used as a single-battery 21.

In the battery module 23 shown in FIG. 7, the single-batteries 21 are electrically connected via leads 20 (bus bars). Each lead 20 connects, for example, a negative electrode terminal 6 of one single-battery 21 and a positive electrode terminal 7 of the single-battery 21 positioned adjacent. In such a manner, plural single-batteries 21 are thus connected in series by plural leads 20. Although no example is depicted in drawing, in a battery module including plural single-batteries that are electrically connected in parallel, for example, the plural single-batteries may be electrically connected by having plural negative electrode terminals being connected to each other by leads while having plural positive electrode terminals being connected to each other by leads.

The positive electrode terminal 7 of at least one battery among the plural single-batteries 21 is electrically connected to a positive electrode-side lead 28 for external connection. In addition, the negative electrode terminal 6 of at least one battery among the single-batteries 21 is electrically connected to a negative electrode-side lead 30 for external connection.

In the battery pack 200 shown in FIG. 8, plural single-batteries 21 are stacked such that externally projecting negative electrode terminals 6 and positive electrode terminals 7 are aligned in the same direction, and the single-batteries 21 are fastened by an adhesive tape 22 to configure a battery module 23. As shown in FIG. 9, these single-batteries 21 are electrically connected in series to each other.

A printed wiring board 24 is arranged facing towards the side surface of the single-batteries 21, from which the negative electrode terminals 6 and the positive electrode terminals 7 project. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, a thermistor 25, a protective circuit 26, and an external power distribution terminal 27 are mounted on the printed wiring board 24. In addition, an electrically insulating plate (not shown) is mounted on the surface of the printed wiring board 24 (protective circuit board) facing toward the battery module 23 to avoid unnecessary connection with wiring of the battery module 23.

A positive electrode-side lead 28 is connected to the positive electrode terminal 7 positioned lowermost in the battery module 23, and a distal end thereof is inserted into a positive electrode-side connector 29 of the printed wiring board 24, thereby electrically connecting thereto. A negative electrode-side lead 30 is connected to the negative electrode terminal 6 positioned uppermost in the battery module 23, and a distal end thereof is inserted into a negative electrode-side connector 31 of the printed wiring board 24, thereby electrically connecting thereto. The connectors 29 and 31 are connected to the protective circuit 26 via wirings 32 and 33 formed on the printed wiring board 24.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the electric circuit of the battery pack of FIG. 8. Explaining with reference to FIG. 9, the thermistor 25 detects the temperature(s) of the single-battery(s) 21. A signal of the detection is sent to the protective circuit 26. The protective circuit 26 can close-off a positive-side wiring 34 a and a negative-side wiring 34 b between the protective circuit 26 and the external power distribution terminal 27 under a predetermined condition. The predetermined condition is, for example, when the temperature detected by the thermistor 25 rises to a predetermined temperature or higher. The predetermined condition is also one when an over-charge, an over-discharge, or an over-current of the single-battery(s) 21 is detected. The over-charge or the like is detected for each individual single-battery 21 or all the single-batteries 21 as a whole. When each individual single-battery 21 is detected, the battery voltage may be detected, or the positive electrode potential or negative electrode potential may be detected. In the latter case, a lithium electrode used as a reference electrode is inserted into each of the individual single-batteries 21. In the case of FIGS. 8 and 9, a wire 35 for voltage detection is connected to each of the single-batteries 21, and signals of detection are sent to the protective circuit 26 through these wires 35.

A protective sheet 36 made of rubber or resin is arranged on each of three side surfaces of the battery module 23 excluding the side surface from which the positive electrode terminal 7 and the negative electrode terminal 6 project.

The battery module 23 is housed in a housing container 37 together with each of the protective sheets 36 and the printed wiring board 24. Namely, the protective sheets 36 are each arranged on both inner side surfaces along a long-side direction and an inner side surface along a short-side direction of the housing container 37, and the printed wiring board 24 is arranged on an inner side surface opposite to the protective sheet 36 that is arranged along the short-side direction. The battery module 23 is positioned in a space surrounded by the protective sheets 36 and the printed wiring board 24. A cover 38 is mounted on the top surface of the housing container 37.

Instead of the adhesive tape 22, a heat-shrinkage tape may be used to fix the battery module 23. In this case, the protective sheets are arranged on both side surfaces of the battery module, and after the heat-shrinkage tape is wound around the battery module and protective sheets, the heat-shrinkage tape is allowed to heat-shrink to bind the battery module together.

While FIGS. 7 to 9 show embodiments in which the single-batteries 21 are connected in series, the single-batteries may be connected in parallel or the connection in series and in parallel may be combined, to increase the battery capacity. In addition, assembled battery packs may further be connected in series or in parallel.

According to the embodiment described above, a battery module or a battery pack having high capacity and excellent charge and discharge cycle performance can be provided by including the secondary battery from the above described third embodiment having high capacity and excellent charge and discharge cycle performance.

While the battery module 23 shown in FIG. 7 and the battery pack 200 shown in FIG. 8 include plural single-batteries 21, the battery module and battery pack according to the fourth embodiment may each include one single-battery 21.

The embodiment of the battery pack is appropriately changed in accordance with its use. The battery pack according to the embodiment is favorably used in applications where excellent cycle performance is demanded when a large current is extracted. Specifically, the battery pack can also be used as a power supply for digital cameras.

Fifth Embodiment

According to a fifth embodiment, a vehicle is provided. The battery pack according to the fourth embodiment is installed on this vehicle.

In the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment, the battery pack is configured, for example, to recover regenerative energy from motive force of the vehicle. The vehicle may include a mechanism (e.g., a regenerator) configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy.

Examples of the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment include two to four-wheeled hybrid electric automobiles, two to four-wheeled electric automobiles, electric assist bicycles, and railway cars.

In the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment, the installing position of the battery pack is not particularly limited. For example, the battery pack may be installed in the engine compartment of the vehicle, in rear parts of the vehicle, or under seats.

An example of the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment is explained below, with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of a vehicle according to the fifth embodiment.

A vehicle 300, shown in FIG. 10 includes a vehicle body 301 and a battery pack 312. The battery pack 312 may be the battery pack according to the fourth embodiment.

The vehicle 300, shown in FIG. 10, is a four-wheeled automobile. As the vehicle 300, for example, a two- to four-wheeled hybrid electric automobile, a two- to four-wheeled electric automobile, a power-assisted bicycle, or railway car may be used.

The vehicle 300 may include plural battery packs 312. In that case, the battery packs 312 may be electrically connected to each other in series or in parallel. The electrical connection may be a combination of the connection in series and the connection in parallel.

The battery pack 312 is installed in an engine compartment located at the front of the vehicle body 301. The position at which the battery pack 312 is installed is not particularly limited. The battery pack 312 may be installed in rear sections of the vehicle body 301, or under a seat. The battery pack 312 may be used as a power source of the vehicle 300. The battery pack 312 can also recover regenerative energy of motive force of the vehicle 300.

Next, with reference to FIG. 11, an aspect of operation of the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment is explained.

FIG. 11 is a view schematically showing another example of the vehicle according to the fifth embodiment. A vehicle 300, shown in FIG. 11, is an electric automobile.

The vehicle 300 shown in FIG. 11 includes a vehicle body 301, a vehicle power source 302, a vehicle ECU (electric control unit) 380, which is a master controller of the vehicle power source 302, an external terminal (an external power connection terminal) 370, an inverter 340, and a drive motor 345.

The vehicle 300 includes the vehicle power source 302, for example, in an engine compartment, in the rear sections of the automobile body, or under a seat. In FIG. 11, the position of the vehicle power source 302 installed in the vehicle 300 is schematically shown.

The vehicle power source 302 includes plural (for example, three) battery packs 312 a, 312 b and 312 c, a battery management unit (BMU) 311, and a communication bus 310.

The three battery packs 312 a, 312 b and 312 c are electrically connected to each other in series. The battery pack 312 a includes a battery module 314 a and a battery module monitoring unit (VTM: voltage temperature monitoring) 313 a The battery pack 312 b includes a battery module 314 b, and a battery module monitoring unit 313 b. The battery pack 312 c includes a battery module 314 c, and a battery module monitoring unit 313 c. The battery packs 312 a, 312 b and 312 c can each be independently removed, and may be exchanged by a different battery pack 312.

Each of the battery modules 314 a to 314 c includes plural single-batteries connected in series. At least one of the plural single-batteries is the secondary battery according to the third embodiment. The battery modules 314 a to 314 c each perform charging and discharging through a positive electrode terminal 316 and a negative electrode terminal 317.

In order to collect information concerning security of the vehicle power source 302, the battery management unit 311 performs communication with the battery module monitoring units 313 a to 313 c and collects information such as voltages or temperatures of the single-batteries included in the battery modules 314 a to 314 c included in the vehicle power source 302.

The communication bus 310 is connected between the battery management unit 311 and the battery module monitoring units 313 a to 313 c. The communication bus 310 is configured so that multiple nodes (i.e., the battery management unit and one or more battery module monitoring units) share a set of communication lines. The communication bus 310 is, for example, a communication bus configured based on CAN (Control Area Network) standard.

The battery module monitoring units 313 a to 313 c measure voltage and temperature of each single-battery in the battery modules 314 a to 314 c based on communications from the battery management unit 311. It is possible, however, to measure the temperatures only at several points per battery module and the temperatures of all of the single-batteries need not be measured.

The vehicle power source 302 may also have an electromagnetic contactor (for example, a switch unit 333 shown in FIG. 11) for switching connection between the positive electrode terminal 316 and the negative electrode terminal 317. The switch unit 333 includes a precharge switch (not shown), which is turned on when the battery modules 314 a to 314 c are charged, and a main switch (not shown), which is turned on when battery output is supplied to a load. The precharge switch and the main switch include a relay circuit (not shown), which is turned on or off based on a signal supplied to a coil located near a switch element.

The inverter 340 converts an inputted direct current voltage to a three-phase alternate current (AC) high voltage for driving a motor. Three-phase output terminal(s) of the inverter 340 is (are) connected to each three-phase input terminal of the drive motor 345. The inverter 340 controls an output voltage based on control signals from the battery management unit 311 or the vehicle ECU 380, which controls the entire operation of the vehicle.

The drive motor 345 is rotated by electric power supplied from the inverter 340. The rotation is transferred to an axle and driving wheels W, for example, through a differential gear unit.

In addition, although not shown, the vehicle 300 also includes a regenerative brake mechanism (a regenerator). The regenerative brake mechanism rotates the drive motor 345 when the vehicle 300 is braked, and converts kinetic energy into regenerative energy in the form of electric energy. The regenerative energy, recovered in the regenerative brake mechanism, is inputted into the inverter 340 and converted to direct current. The direct current is inputted into the vehicle power source 302.

One terminal of a connecting line Li is connected through a current detector (not shown) in the battery management unit 311 to the negative electrode terminal 317 of the vehicle power source 302. The other terminal of the connecting line Li is connected to a negative electrode input terminal of the inverter 340.

One terminal of a connecting line L2 is connected through the switch unit 333 to the positive electrode terminal 316 of the vehicle power source 302. The other terminal of the connecting line L2 is connected to a positive electrode input terminal of the inverter 340.

The external terminal 370 is connected to the battery management unit 311. The external terminal 370 is able to connect, for example, to an external power source.

The vehicle ECU 380 cooperatively controls the battery management unit 311 together with other units in response to inputs operated by a driver or the like, thereby performing the management of the whole vehicle. Data concerning the security of the vehicle power source 302, such as a remaining capacity of the vehicle power source 302, are transferred between the battery management unit 311 and the vehicle ECU 380 through communication lines.

The vehicle according to the fifth embodiment includes the battery pack according to the fourth embodiment. The vehicle according to the fifth embodiment, therefore, has good battery capacity by virtue of including the battery pack having high capacity, and a vehicle with high reliability can be provided by virtue of the battery pack being excellent in life performance.

EXAMPLES

Examples are explained below; however, the present disclosure is not limited to the following Examples so long as the present disclosure does not depart from the spirit of the embodiments.

Example 1

(Synthesis of Active Material)

Nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate were weighed at a composition ratio as shown in Table 1 (indicated by subscripts a, b, and c as would be taken when fitted into the general formula Li_(x) (Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂) and dissolved in water to prepare an aqueous solution. The resultant aqueous solution was added dropwise into an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and a nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide was obtained as a precipitate. The nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide, niobium chloride, tantalum chloride, and lithium hydroxide were mixed at a composition ratio shown in Table 1 (indicated by subscripts x, s, and t), and the mixture was fired at 850° C. for 12 hours to obtain an active material.

(Evaluation Electrode Preparation)

6 parts by weight of acetylene black as electro-conductive agent and 3 parts by weight of a PVdF binder were added to the obtained active material, then dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain a coating slurry. The coating slurry was applied onto an Al foil, dried, and rolled, whereby two evaluation electrodes were obtained.

One of the two evaluation electrodes was subjected to an elemental composition analysis and space group measurement. The other was subjected to electrochemical evaluation.

(Elemental Composition Analysis)

The evaluation electrode was centrifugalized, and thereby, the active material was extracted. The obtained active material was subjected to an elemental composition analysis by the ICP emission spectrometry and the inert gas fusion-infrared absorption method. Furthermore, ion etching using Ar gas and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements were repeated, thereby measuring a change in transition metal composition in a depth direction of the active material, and thus, the concentration of Nb and Ta elements in the region at the outermost surface of the active material was compared with the concentration of Nb and Ta elements in a region 1 μm inside from the outermost surface.

(Space Group Measurement)

The active material extracted from the evaluation electrodes was filled in a flat glass sample plate holder, and the space group was measured by a powder X-ray diffraction method.

The apparatus and conditions used for measurement is shown below:

Apparatus: SmartLab manufactured by Rigaku

X-ray source: Cu target

Output: 45 kV, 200 mA

soller slit: 5 degrees in both incident light and received light

step width (2θ): 0.02 deg

scan speed: 20 deg/min

semiconductor detector: D/teX Ultra 250

sample plate holder: flat glass sample plate holder (0.5 mm thick)

measurement range: range within 5°≤2θ≤90°

(Electrochemical Evaluation)

The electrochemical evaluation was performed through measurement of a discharge capacity and a capacity retention ratio after 100 cycles with a three-electrode cell, using the other evaluation electrode as a working electrode and using metal Li as a counter electrode and a reference electrode. The results of the evaluations are summarized in Table 1. Results of Examples 2 to 29 are also summarized in Table 1. Results of Examples 30 to 58 are summarized in Table 2. Results of Comparative Examples 1 to 29 are summarized in Table 3. Results of Comparative Examples 30 to 42 are summarized in Table 4. In the tables, the symbol “-” indicates that in terms of the general formula Li_(x) (Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂, the relevant value is not applicable in the case such as when s=0; for example, t is indicated as being “-” since in the case of s=0, t cannot exist. Similarly, the degree of disproportionate presence of Nb and Ta at the surface (labeled as “Bias of Nb and Ta towards surface”) is also indicated as “-” in the case of s=0, since Nb and Ta cannot exist in such a case.

(Discharge Capacity)

The discharge capacity was determined as follows. Constant current charging was performed to 4.3V vs Li/Li⁺ at a 1C rate, then constant voltage charging was performed at 4.3 V for 2 hours. Thereafter, the battery was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2C rate. The capacity of discharge at this time was taken as the discharge capacity.

(Capacity Retention Ratio after 100 Cycles)

Charge and discharge were repeated for 100 cycles in the potential range of 4.3 V to 3.0 V at a 1C rate, and the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle relative to the discharge capacity at the first cycle was calculated as the capacity retention ratio after 100 cycles.

Examples 2 to 13 and Examples 22 to 29

Except that the elemental compositions listed in Table 1 were used, active materials were synthesized, and evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analyses, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed, in the same manner as in Example 1.

Example 14

Al was used as the M element. Aluminum sulfate was used as a starting material containing Al.

The nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide obtained by the method described in Example 1, aluminum sulfate, niobium chloride, tantalum chloride, and lithium hydroxide were mixed, then fired at 850° C. for 12 hours, and thus, an active material was obtained.

Evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 1.

Example 15

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that Ti was used as the M element, and titanium oxide was used as the starting material containing Ti.

Example 16

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that V was used as the M element, and vanadium oxide was used as the starting material containing V.

Example 17

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that Cr was used as the M element, and chromium oxide was used as the starting material containing Cr.

Example 18

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that Zr was used as the M element, and zirconium oxide was used as the starting material containing Zr.

Example 19

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that Mo was used as the M element, and molybdenum oxide was used as the starting material containing Mo.

Example 20

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that Hf was used as the M element, and hafnium oxide was used as the starting material containing Hf.

Example 21

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 14, except that W was used as the M element, and tungsten oxide was used as the starting material containing W.

Example 30

The nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide obtained by the method described in Example 1, niobium chloride, and tantalum chloride were mixed, then fired at 950° C. for 12 hours. The obtained fired product was mixed with lithium hydroxide, then fired at 850° C. for 12 hours, and thus, an active material was obtained.

Evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 1.

Examples 31 to 42 and Examples 51 to 58

Except that the elemental compositions listed in Table 2 were used, active materials were synthesized, and evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analyses, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed, in the same manner as in Example 30.

Example 43

Al was used as the M element, and aluminum sulfate was used as a starting material containing Al.

The nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide obtained by the method described in Example 1, aluminum sulfate, niobium chloride, tantalum chloride, and lithium hydroxide were mixed, then fired at 950° C. for 12 hours. The obtained fired product was mixed with lithium hydroxide, then fired at 850° C. for 12 hours, and thus, an active material was obtained.

Evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 1.

Example 44

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that Ti was used as the M element, and titanium oxide was used as the starting material containing Ti.

Example 45

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that V was used as the M element, and vanadium oxide was used as the starting material containing V.

Example 46

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that Cr was used as the M element, and chromium oxide was used as the starting material containing Cr.

Example 47

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that Zr was used as the M element, and zirconium oxide was used as the starting material containing Zr.

Example 48

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that Mo was used as the M element, and molybdenum oxide was used as the starting material containing Mo.

Example 49

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that Hf was used as the M element, and hafnium oxide was used as the starting material containing Hf.

Example 50

Synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Example 43, except that W was used as the M element, and tungsten oxide was used as the starting material containing W.

Comparative Examples 1 to 29

Except that the elemental compositions listed in Table 3 were used, active materials were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1 for Comparative Examples 1 to 29, and active materials were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 14 for Comparative Examples 14 to 21. For these active materials, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analyses, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed.

Comparative Examples 30 to 42

Except that the elemental compositions listed in Table 4 were used, active materials were synthesized, and evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analyses, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluations were performed, in the same manner as in Example 30.

TABLE 1 Capacity Bias of retention Nb and Ta Discharge ratio after M Space towards capacity 100 cycles element group x a b c d s t surface (maH/g) (%) Example 1 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.005 0.001 present 202 90 Example 2 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.01 0.001 present 200 92 Example 3 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 present 198 95 Example 4 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.001 present 194 94 Example 5 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.0005 present 198 92 Example 6 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.01 present 197 90 Example 7 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.1 present 197 88 Example 8 — R3/m 1.03 0.9 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0.001 present 208 87 Example 9 — R3/m 1.03 0.7 0.15 0.15 0 0.05 0.001 present 190 91 Example 10 — R3/m 1.03 0.6 0.2 0.2 0 0.05 0.001 present 181 91 Example 11 — R3/m 1.03 0.5 0.2 0.3 0 0.05 0.001 present 164 94 Example 12 — R3/m 1.03 0.34 0.33 0.33 0 0.05 0.001 present 155 95 Example 13 — R3/m 1 0 1 0 0 0.05 0.001 present 140 96 Example 14 Al R3/m 1.03 0.85 0.1 0 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 201 88 Example 15 Ti R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 199 95 Example 16 V R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 197 94 Example 17 Cr R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 197 95 Example 18 Zr R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 194 95 Example 19 Mo R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 196 94 Example 20 Hf R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 193 93 Example 21 W R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 present 199 95 Example22 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.005 0.001 present 268 90 Example 23 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.01 0.001 present 266 91 Example 24 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.001 present 265 93 Example 25 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.001 present 262 91 Example 26 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.0005 present 265 89 Example 27 Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.01 present 264 88 Example 28 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.1 present 262 86 Example 29 Li Fm-3m 1 0 0 0.57 0.43 0.3 0.001 present 277 86

Capacity Bias of retention Nb and Ta Discharge ratio after M Space towards capacity 100 cycles element group x a b c d s t surface (maH/g) (%) Example 30 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.005 0.001 none 201 87 Example 31 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.01 0.001 none 200 90 Example 32 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 none 197 93 Example 33 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.001 none 194 92 Example 34 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.0005 none 198 90 Example 35 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.01 none 196 89 Example 36 — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.1 none 197 87 Example 37 — R3/m 1.03 0.9 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0.001 none 207 85 Example 38 — R3/m 1.03 0.7 0.15 0.15 0 0.05 0.001 none 190 89 Example 39 — R3/m 1.03 0.6 0.2 0.2 0 0.05 0.001 none 180 90 Example 40 — R3/m 1.03 0.5 0.2 0.3 0 0.05 0.001 none 164 93 Example 41 — R3/m 1.03 0.34 0.33 0.33 0 0.05 0.001 none 155 94 Example 42 — R3/m 1 0 1 0 0 0.05 0.001 none 139 95 Example 43 Al R3/m 1.03 0.85 0.1 0 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 199 86 Example 44 Ti R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 198 94 Example 45 V R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 197 93 Example 46 Cr R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 196 93 Example 47 Zr R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 194 94 Example 48 Mo R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 196 92 Example 49 Hf R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 193 91 Example 50 W R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 none 198 94 Example 51 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.005 0.001 none 268 87 Example 52 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.01 0.001 none 264 88 Example 53 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.001 none 262 90 Example 54 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.001 none 262 88 Example 55 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.0005 none 263 86 Example 56 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.01 none 263 85 Example 57 Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.1 none 262 85 Example 58 Li Fm-3m 1 0 0 0.57 0.43 0.3 0.001 none 276 85

TABLE 3 Capacity Bias of retention Nb and Ta Discharge ratio after M Space towards capacity 100 cycles element group x a b c d s t surface (maH/g) (%) Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0 — — 202 80 Example 1 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.001 0.05 present 200 81 Example 2 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.4 0.05 present 125 83 Example 3 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0 present 198 85 Example 4 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.0001 present 197 86 Example 5 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.2 present 194 85 Example 6 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 1 present 192 82 Example 7 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.9 0.05 0.05 0 0 — — 212 73 Example 8 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.7 0.15 0.15 0 0 — — 193 82 Example 9 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.6 0.2 0.2 0 0 — — 184 83 Example 10 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.5 0.2 0.3 0 0 — — 169 85 Example 11 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.34 0.33 0.33 0 0 — — 160 86 Example 12 Comparative — R3/m 1 0 1 0 0 0 — — 142 87 Example 13 Comparative Al R3/m 1.03 0.85 0.1 0 0.05 0 — — 206 75 Example 14 Comparative Ti R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 202 81 Example 15 Comparative V R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 201 80 Example 16 Comparative Cr R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 203 81 Example 17 Comparative Zr R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 198 82 Example 18 Comparative Mo R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 201 81 Example 19 Comparative Hf R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 197 79 Example 20 Comparative W R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 — — 202 82 Example 21 Comparative Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0 — — 268 80 Example 22 Comparative Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.001 0.05 present 266 80 Example 23 Comparative Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.05 present 245 81 Example 24 Comparative Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0 present 262 80 Example 25 Comparative Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.0001 present 262 78 Example 26 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.2 present 262 77 Example 27 Comparative Li 02/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 1 present 261 75 Example 28 Comparative Li Fm-3m 1 0 0 0.57 0.43 0.3 0 present 275 75 Example 29

TABLE 4 Capacity Bias of retention Nb and Ta Discharge ratio after M Space towards capacity 100 cycles element group x a b c d s t surface (maH/g) (%) Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.001 0.05 none 199 81 Example 30 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.4 0.05 none 120 82 Example 31 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0 none 197 13 Example 32 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.0001 none 196 86 Example 33 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.2 none 192 83 Example 34 Comparative — R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 1 none 190 81 Example 35 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.001 0.05 none 266 79 Example 36 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.05 none 244 80 Example 37 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0 none 263 80 Example 38 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.0001 none 264 77 Example 39 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.2 none 263 77 Example 40 Comparative Li C2/m 1 0.2 0 0.6 0.2 0.05 1 none 263 75 Example 41 Comparative Li Fm-3m 1 0 0 0.57 0.43 0.3 0 none 270 73 Example 42

From Tables 1 to 4, it is apparent that by having the element composition Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂, where M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, and where 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1, obtained is an active material that can provide a secondary battery of a high capacity and long lifetime. Furthermore, it is apparent that an active material that can provide a secondary battery of even longer lifetime can be obtained by making Nb and Ta at the active material surface be disproportionately present, so that the amount of Nb and Ta existing at the active material surface is more than the amount of Nb and Ta existing inside the active material.

Example 59

Nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate were weighed at a composition ratio as shown in Table 5 (indicated by subscripts a, b, and c as would be taken when fitted into the general formula Li_(x) (Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t−u)Ta_(t)M′_(u))_(s)O₂) and dissolved in water to prepare an aqueous solution. The resultant aqueous solution was added dropwise into an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and a nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide was obtained as a precipitate. K was used as the M′ element. The nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide, niobium chloride, tantalum chloride, and lithium hydroxide were mixed at a composition ratio shown in Table 5 (indicated by subscripts x, s, t, and u), then fired at 850° C. for 12 hours, and thus, an active material was obtained. Using the active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurement, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1.

Example 60, 61, 69 to 80, and 90

Except that the elemental compositions listed in Table 5 or Table 6 were used, active materials were synthesized, and evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

Example 62

P was used as the M′ element. Except that diphosphorous pentoxide was used as a starting material containing P to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

Example 63

Fe was used as the M′ element. Except that iron sulfate was used as a starting material containing Fe to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

Example 64

Si was used as the M′ element. Except that silicon dioxide was used as a starting material containing Si to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

Example 65

K and P were used as M′ elements. Except that potassium chloride was used as a starting material containing K and diphosphorous pentoxide was used as a starting material containing P to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59. The atomic ratio of K:P in the synthesized oxide was 3:1.

Example 66

K, P, and Fe were used as M′ elements. Except that potassium chloride was used as a starting material containing K, diphosphorous pentoxide was used as a starting material containing P, and iron sulfate was used as a starting material containing Fe to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59. The atomic ratio of K:P:Fe in the synthesized oxide was 2:1:1.

Example 67

K, P, Fe and Si were used as M′ elements. Except that potassium chloride was used as a starting material containing K, diphosphorous pentoxide was used as a starting material containing P, iron sulfate was used as a starting material containing Fe, and silicon dioxide was used as a starting material containing Si to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59. The atomic ratio of K:P:Fe:Si in the synthesized oxide was 2:1:1:1.

Example 68

P and Fe were used as M′ elements. Except that diphosphorous pentoxide was used as a starting material containing P, and iron sulfate was used as a starting material containing Fe to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 5, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurement, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59. The atomic ratio of P:Fe in the synthesized oxide was 1:1.

Example 81

Al was used as the M element, and aluminum sulfate was used as a starting material containing Al. K was used as the M′ element, and potassium chloride was used as a starting material containing K.

A active material was obtained by mixing a nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide obtained by the method described in Example 1 together with aluminum sulfate, niobium chloride, tantalum chloride, potassium chloride and lithium hydroxide, then firing at 850° C. for 12 hours.

Evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1.

Example 82

Except that Ti was used as the M element, and titanium oxide was used as a starting material containing Ti to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 83

Except that V was used as the M element, and vanadium oxide was used as a starting material containing V to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 84

Except that Cr was used as the M element, and chromium oxide was used as a starting material containing Cr to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurement, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 85

Except that Zr was used as the M element, and zirconium oxide was used as a starting material containing Zr to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 86

Except that Mo was used as the M element, and molybdenum oxide was used as a starting material containing Mo to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 87

Except that Hf was used as the M element, and hafnium oxide was used as a starting material containing Hf to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 88

Except that W was used as the M element, and tungsten oxide was used as a starting material containing W to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 81.

Example 89

K was used as the M′ element. Potassium chloride was used as a starting material containing K.

The nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide obtained by the method described in Example 1, niobium chloride, tantalum chloride, and potassium chloride, were mixed, and then fired at 950° C. for 12 hours. The obtained fired product was mixed with lithium hydroxide, then fired at 850° C. for 12 hours, and thus, an active material was obtained.

Evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1.

Example 91

Na was used as the M′ element. Except that sodium hydroxide was used as a starting material containing Na to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

Example 92

Cu was used as the M′ element. Except that copper sulfate was used as a starting material containing Cu to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

Example 93

Zn was used as the M′ element. Except that zinc sulfate was used as a starting material containing Zn to obtain the elemental composition shown in Table 6, synthesis of active material, evaluation electrode preparation, elemental composition analysis, space group measurements, and electrochemical evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 59.

TABLE 5 M M′ Space element element group x a b c d s t u Example 59 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 60 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.05 Example 61 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.2 Example 62 — P R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 63 — Fe R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 64 — Si R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 65 — K + P R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 66 — K + P + Fe R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 67 — K + P + Fe + Si R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 68 — P + Fe R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 69 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.005 0.001 0.001 Example 70 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.01 0.001 0.001 Example 71 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.001 0.001 Example 72 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.0005 0.001 Example 73 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.01 0.001 Example 74 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.1 0.001 Example 75 — K R3/m 1.03 0.9 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 76 — K R3/m 1.03 0.7 0.15 0.15 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 77 — K R3/m 1.03 0.6 0.2 0.2 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 78 — K R3/m 1.03 0.5 0.2 0.3 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 79 — K R3/m 1.03 0.34 0.33 0.33 0 0.05 0.001 0.001

TABLE 6 M M′ Space element element group x a b c d s t u Example 80 — K R3/m 1 0 1 0 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 81 Al K R3/m 1.03 0.85 0.1 0 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 82 Ti K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 83 V K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 84 Cr K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 85 Zr K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example86 Mo K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 87 Hf K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 88 W K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 89 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 90 — K R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.3 Example 91 — Na R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 92 — Cu R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001 Example 93 — Zn R3/m 1.03 0.8 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.001 0.001

TABLE 7 Bias of Nb and Discharge Capacity retention Ta towards capacity ratio after 100 cycles surface (mAh/g) (%) Example 59 present 198 97 Example 60 present 198 97 Example 61 present 197 96 Example 62 present 198 96 Example 63 present 198 96 Example 64 present 198 96 Example 65 present 198 97 Example 66 present 198 97 Example 67 present 197 97 Example 68 present 197 96 Example 69 present 202 92 Example 70 present 200 94 Example 71 present 194 95 Example 72 present 197 94 Example 73 present 196 92 Example 74 present 197 90 Example 75 present 206 89 Example 76 present 190 93 Example 77 present 180 92 Example 78 present 163 95 Example 79 present 155 96

TABLE 8 Bias of Nb and Discharge Capacity retention Ta towards capacity ratio after 100 cycles surface (mAh/g) (%) Example 80 present 140 97 Example 81 present 201 90 Example 82 present 199 96 Example 83 present 197 95 Example 84 present 197 96 Example 85 present 194 96 Example 86 present 195 95 Example 87 present 193 95 Example 88 present 198 96 Example 89 present 197 95 Example 90 present 197 95 Example 91 present 195 95 Example 92 present 197 95 Example 93 present 196 95

From Tables 7 and 8, it is apparent that by having the element composition Li), (Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t−u)Ta_(t)M′_(u))_(s)O₂, where M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, M′ is at least one selected from the group consisting of K, P, Fe, Si, Na, Cu and Zn, and where 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1, and 0≤u≤0.3, obtained is an active material that can provide a secondary battery of a high capacity and long lifetime. In addition, from the comparison between Example 59 and Example 89, it is apparent that the capacity retention ratio after 100 cycles for Example 59 is higher as compared to that of Example 89. An active material that can provide a secondary battery of even longer lifetime can be obtained by making Nb and Ta at the active material surface be disproportionately present, so that the amount of Nb and Ta existing at the active material surface is more than the amount of Nb and Ta existing inside the active material.

Through a comparison of Examples 59, 62 to 64, 91 to 93, it is apparent that the capacity retention ratio after 100 cycles for Example 59 including K as the M′ element is higher as compared to that of Examples 62 to 64 and 91 to 93.

While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions.

Original claims are listed below.

[1] An active material represented by a general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t)Ta_(t))_(s)O₂, where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, and satisfied are 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤a≤0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1)

[2] The active material according to [1], having a crystal structure that belongs to a space group of any one of space groups R3/m, C2/m, and Fm-3m.

[3] The active material according to [1] or [2], wherein s in the general formula falls within a range of 0.01≤s≤0.1

[4] The active material according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein t in the general formula falls within a range of 0.001≤t≤0.01.

[5] The active material according any one of [1] to [4], wherein the active material is in a form of particles, and an amount of Nb and Ta present at a surface of each of the particles is greater than that of Nb and Ta present inside the active material.

[6] An electrode including the active material according to any one of [1] to [5].

[7] The electrode according to [6], including an active material mixture layer, the active material mixture layer including the active material, an electro-conductive agent and a binder.

[8] A secondary battery including:

a positive electrode, the positive electrode being the electrode according to [6] or [7];

a negative electrode; and

an electrolyte.

[9] A battery pack including the secondary battery according to [8].

[10] The battery pack according to [9], further including:

an external power distribution terminal; and

a protective circuit.

[11] The battery pack according to [9] or [10], including plural of the secondary battery, the secondary batteries being electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of in-series and in-parallel.

[12] A vehicle including the battery pack according to any one of [9] to [11].

[13] The vehicle according to [12], wherein the battery pack is configured to recover regenerative energy of motive force of the vehicle.

[14] The vehicle according to [12], which includes a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An active material represented by a general formula Li_(x)(Ni_(a)Co_(b)Mn_(c)M_(d))_(1−s)(Nb_(1−t−u)Ta_(t)M′_(u))_(s)O₂, where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, and W, M′ is at least one selected from the group consisting of K, P, Fe, Si, Na, Cu and Zn, and satisfying 1.0≤x≤1.3, 0≤as 0.9, 0≤b≤1.0, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.5, a+b+c+d=1, 0.005≤s≤0.3, 0.0005≤t≤0.1, and 0≤u≤0.3.
 2. The active material according to claim 1, having a crystal structure that belongs to a space group of any one of space groups R3/m, C2/m, and Fm-3m.
 3. The active material according to claim 1, wherein s in the general formula falls within a range 0.01≤s≤0.1.
 4. The active material according to claim 1, wherein t in the general formula falls within a range 0.001≤t≤0.01.
 5. The active material according to claim 1, wherein the active material is in a form of particles, and an amount of Nb and Ta present at a surface of each of the particles is greater than that of Nb and Ta present inside the active material.
 6. An electrode comprising the active material according to claim
 1. 7. The electrode according to claim 6, comprising an active material mixture layer, the active material mixture layer comprising the active material, an electro-conductive agent and a binder.
 8. A secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode, the positive electrode being the electrode according to claim 6; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte.
 9. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim
 8. 10. The battery pack according to claim 9, further comprising: an external power distribution terminal; and a protective circuit.
 11. The battery pack according to claim 9, comprising plural of the secondary battery, the secondary batteries being electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of in-series and in-parallel.
 12. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim
 9. 13. The vehicle according to claim 12, wherein the battery pack is configured to recover regenerative energy of motive force of the vehicle.
 14. The vehicle according to claim 12, which comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. 